HYDRAULIC FRACTURING
Hydraulic fracturing is the process of pumping fluid into the wellbore at an injection rate that is too high for the formation to accept without breaking. During injection the resistance to flow in the formation increases, the pressure in the wellbore increases to a value called the break-down pressure, that is the sum of the in-situ compressive stress and the strength of the formation. Once the formation “breaks down,” a fracture is formed, and the injected fluid flows through it. From a limited group of active perforations, ideally in a normal fault stress regime, a single vertical fracture is created that propagates with two "wings" being 180° apart and identical in shape and size. In naturally fractured or cleated formations, it is possible that multiple fractures are created and/or the two wings evolve with branches and offsets. A volume of reservoir rock around the main fracture channel is pressurized, which promotes shear movement on natural fractures and provides additional stimulation effect. (source:petrowiki)
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